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Noise generator diodes



More informations

All the materials generate noise and the noise is proportional to its temperature starting from 0°K (-273°C). The noise depends on the chaotic movements of the electrons, the thermal noise is known as white noise (from optical physics) as it fills the whole spectrum. From an electronics point of view the noise causes big limitations to our devices for example amplifiers, instruments, radars, receivers, electro-medical, etc... A very simple example is the sensitivity limitation of receivers caused by the noise.

Although the noise causes problems and limitations, it will be explained how in some cases, if it is artificially generated, it can even improve our electronic devices (see dithering) or help to do some
tests, a calibrated noise source is a very important tool in our labs.

NOISE GENERATORS: The first noise generators used noble gas such as Argon with 15.3dBENR, Neon with 18.5dBENR, Helium with 21dBENR and were born in order to test the first radar systems in the 1940s. Another method to generate noise is to use hot and cold resistors, mainly used in research labs with very high precision, this technique due to its complexity is used only in physic laboratories or in calibration centers. Today the most used noise generators are special diodes, noise diodes. A reverse polarized diode until it reaches the avalanche effect is an example of noise generator (see Zener diodes). Unlike Zener diodes, the noise diodes are doped and developed to cover a wider band (low Cj) with an output level really flat and more stable.

OUTPUT LEVEL: For noise source applications the output level cannot be indicated as for other signal generators. Signal generators, transmitters etc...; have the output level indication in mV, dBm, W etc... If you have a 100 to 200MHz sweep signal generator we say that the output level is for example -10dBm, the amplitude of -10dBm is swept from 100 to 200MHz but it is not simultaneously in the whole frequency range.

In the case of noise sources the amplitude is simultaneously on the entire frequency range, this means that the amplitude is defined in dBm/Hz power spectral density, or in ENR excess noise ratio. ENR means the ratio in decibel of the output noise between the ON and OFF state of the diode, in the OFF state the diode has only -174dBm/Hz which is the output level generated by a resistor at 290°K (about 17 °C). For example, if we have a power spectral density of -142dBm/Hz it means that (174 - 142 = 32) so the ENR is 32 dB. If the bandwidth is 10Hz the noise power is -132dBm/10Hz if the bandwidth is 10KHz the noise power is -102dBm/10KHz.

See the example in a spectrum analyzer the noise level changes depending on the used IF bandwidth.

3 values of IF bandwidth (BW), as it narrows the bandwidth the noise level down by law 10log BW, examples:
- half BW corresponds to -3dB
- four times BW corresponds to +6 dB
- one tenth BW corresponds to -10dB, etc..

Some applications for noise source diodes

DITHERING
In an A/D converter for example digital receivers, the noise injected improves the quantization error, the sensitivity will be improved (this method is also used in audio and video)

AUDIO AND ULTRASONIC TEST
to find problems of mechanical vibration and reverberation in automotive field, buildings, etc... or for soundproofing tests

NOISE FIGURE MEASURES
Test intruments for noise figure measurement in low noise amplifiers, converters, receivers, mixers and front-ends

SPECTRUM ANALYZER CALIBRATION
With a calibrated noise source devices it is very easy to verify the amplitude calibration of a spectrum analyzer, the real advantage is the RF generation simultaneously on all the band

TESTS ON RECEIVERS
The noise is useful to measure the sensitivity in some complex receivers like radars, base stations, radiometers etc… A noise source can substitute for a more complex RF generator, moreover it can generate noise in a broad band spectrum simultaneously.

NPR DISTORTION MEASURES
This is a complex intermodulation measurement very often made on multichannels FDM, MMDS, CATV, cellular base stations, etc... Injecting noise and measuring the distortion with special notch filters is used to obtain the measurement

FADING SIMULATOR
By modulating an RF signal with noise it is possible to simulate a signal affected by fading, this is very useful in mobile radio testing

FILTERS AND ANTENNAS TESTS
using noise as tracking generator tracking

RADIO ASTRONOMY ELECTROMAGNETC SUSCEPTIBILITY

GAIN / BANDWIDTH MEASURES

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  Noise generator diode, 10 Hz - 3 GHz, 8/12V, 5mA, output level 30/35dBENR -144/-139dBm/Hz, SMD SOD-323 package
Noise generator diode, 10 Hz - 3 GHz, 8/12V, 5mA, ...
Order code: NS301
Noise generator diode, 10 Hz - 3 GHz, 8/12V, 5mA, output level 30/35dBENR -144/-139dBm/Hz, SMD SOD-323 package

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  Noise generator diode, 10 Hz - 10 GHz, 8/12V, 8mA, output level 30/35dBENR -144/-139dBm/Hz, gold plated ceramic package
Noise generator diode, 10 Hz - 10 GHz, 8/12V, 8mA, ...
Order code: NS303
Noise generator diode, 10 Hz - 10 GHz, 8/12V, 8mA, output level 30/35dBENR -144/-139dBm/Hz, gold plated ceramic package

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